Blockchain and Climate change
Does bitcoin affect climate change. Some fund managers are of the belief that bitcoin is an unsustainable investment due to its impact on climate change and present energy consumption. The road to accuracy is paved with difficulty as it requires a circumspect view of Bitcoins interactions with our environment. It would be important to understand what type of power is used and what service does bitcoin replace in terms of that service power consumption and carbon emission. The mining of bitcoin takes large amounts of electricity in two ways, firstly powering the ‘’mining hardware’’ and secondly powering the cooling units for these facilities. Think of it as large computers and air cons. Another factor miners consider is connectivity which is access to the internet but of lower importance as compared to the other factors. If we look at a world map of bitcoin mining we notice that majority are located in colder regions of the world. This allows these miners to fulfill the cooling requirement simply by opening a few doors as they do in Iceland. The second aspect miners try to resolve is where to get cheap electricity to run the mining equipment. The cheapest electricity is hydro-electricity. Unfortunately dams require very specific geographical features chief amongst them is a large flowing river or rivers, time as they take decades to complete and money as they cost billions of dollars. The largest hydroelectric facility is the 3 gorges facility in China which cost 22.5 billion USD.





With Hydroelectricity it is both cheap and emission free, meaning if 100% of the worlds bitcoin mining where done in an area fed by hydro electricity it would have no impact on climate change or contribute to the warming of the planet. Perhaps controversial but never the less factual, nuclear energy is also emission free meaning if it was powered by 100% nuclear it would be have no affect on climate change. This is however not always the case and another cheap source of power is coal power and Bitcoin infrastructure were powered solely by coal especially where now clean coal technology. If we look at the largest bitcoin mining operations in the world and analyses the power used we see that on average up to the vast majority exist in environments that receive then 100 % of their power carbon emission free sources. In China we had to a take a deeper look and found that the major mining hubs are located in areas that predominantly receive their power from hydroelectric sources. These areas are Sichuan and Tibetan provinces. Due to cost advantages these area are where some of the larger mining operations are located however there are other mining operations which are located in areas that are more reliant on Coal power such as Inner Mongoli a. Our research has shown that 75% of bitcoins mined are done so from carbon emission free power which would include Hydro, Renewable and Nuclear energy. This is significant as the current Bitcoin miners use about 250 MW which is comparable to a small country’s carbon emission. If we include the data identifying the source of power this drop to 62 MW which is more comparable to a small city. The Nay Sayers might retort this is not enough 62 MW could still be as high as 600 000 tons of CO2 emissions a year. If we consider that the Bitcoin at its hart is a decentralise ledger in competition with a centralised ledger which are major banks, central or otherwise. We can note that Bitcoins emissions will be offset against the emissions of the services it replaces. Though many large traditional bankers are on the path to carbon neutrality there are still many banks both small and large that have sizeable carbon footprints. If were to look at the European Central bank it has a carbon foot print of about 20 000 tons of C02 per a year.


The traditional banking sector has had hundreds of years to optimise it carbon foot print whilst distributed ledgers have had 10 years. The next major leap towards optimisation of transaction costs, energy consumption and carbon emission will come from the layer 2 protocols. Chief amongst them will be the Lighting Network. It is envisioned that over the near future Bitcoin will move towards carbon neutrality as a result of the ecosystem’s innate pursuit of efficiency. 12/12/2018

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